How Do The Characters in An Inspector Calls Reflect 1912 Society? :: English Literature

How Do The Characters In An Inspector Calls Reflect 1912 Society? J.B Priestley, born in 1894 in Bradford. He went to Bradford Grammar School but did not decide to go to University but to follow his passion for writing, first he wrote articles for the local London papers before going on to be a playwright. He joined the army in 1914 at the age of 20. After being on the frontline in the Second World War, Priestley became very political and started to involve his political opinions in his work, as in 'An Inspector Calls' which he wrote in the second week after the Second World War which only took him a week to finish. He put his message across to the audience through the play, which states that people of all the social classes must learn to get along with each other since everyday is spent together. The play 'An Inspector Calls' is set in 1912 but written in 1945. The characters reflect the society of 1912 in many ways. There are six main characters that reflect 1912 society and one character, the Inspector, who takes control and who basically expresses the opinions of Priestley. The Birling family are the stereotypical upper class family of 1912, they own a 'large suburban house', the father of the family is a wealthy businessman and all have high social status. Mr Arthur Birling is the man of the house he has his wife Sybil, his son Eric and his daughter Sheila. He is a hard headed businessman, only concerned with wealth, profit and social status. He reflects a stereotypical upper class businessman of 1912 because the husband would go out to work, run the business and earn the money. Mr Birling is the person who got the Birlings their high social position, this is all he cares about for example when he realises that Eric stole money from his office he says, "I've got to cover this up as soon as I can. You damned fool" here he shows how concerned about his social position he is. This is what Priestley gets at. Priestley is annoyed about the fact that the upper-class businessman, such as Birling, had no outlook on others, mainly the working class, and Priestley tries to get his message across to the audience that people in Birling's position should not act as arrogantly as he and realise the value of others across the community. Mr Birling thinks very highly of himself and it shows especially where he talks about the First World War and how war was impossible, "Just because the Kaiser makes a speech or two, or a

Diferencias Entre Investigación Cualitativa y Cuantitativa :: El método científico

El objetivo de cualquier ciencia es adquirir conocimientos y la eleccià ³n del mà ©todo adecuado que nos permita conocer la realidad es por tanto fundamental1. El problema surge al aceptar como ciertos los conocimientos errà ³neos o viceversa. Los mà ©todos inductivos y deductivos tienen objetivos diferentes y podrà ­an ser resumidos como desarrollo de la teorà ­a y anà ¡lisis de la teorà ­a respectivamente. Los mà ©todos inductivos està ¡n generalmente asociados con la investigacià ³n cualitativa mientras que el mà ©todo deductivo està ¡ asociado frecuentemente con la investigacià ³n cuantitativa. Los cientà ­ficos sociales en salud que utilizan abordajes cualitativos enfrentan en la actualidad problemas epistemolà ³gicos y metodolà ³gicos que tienen que ver con el poder y la à ©tica en la generacià ³n de datos asà ­ como con la validez externa de los mismos2. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa es aquella en la que se recogen y analizan datos cuantitativos sobre variables. La investigacià ³n cualitativa evita la cuantificacià ³n. Los investigadores cualitativos hacen registros narrativos de los fenà ³menos que son estudiados mediante tà ©cnicas como la observacià ³n participante y las entrevistas no estructuradas3. La diferencia fundamental entre ambas metodologà ­as es que la cuantitativa estudia la asociacià ³n o relacià ³n entre variables cuantificadas y la cualitativa lo hace en contextos estructurales y situacionales4. La investigacià ³n cualitativa trata de identificar la naturaleza profunda de las realidades, su sistema de relaciones, su estructura dinà ¡mica. La investigacià ³n cuantitativa trata de determinar la fuerza de asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n entre variables, la generalizacià ³n y objetivacià ³n de los resultados a travà ©s de una muestra para hacer inferencia a una poblacià ³n de la cual toda muestra p rocede. Tras el estudio de la asociacià ³n o correlacià ³n pretende, a su vez, hacer inferencia causal que explique por quà © las cosas suceden o no de una forma determinada. Las diferencias mà ¡s ostensibles entre ambas metodologà ­as se muestran en la tabla 1 5-6. Los fundamentos de la metodologà ­a cuantitativa podemos encontrarlos en el positivismo que surge en el primer tercio del siglo XIX como una reaccià ³n ante el empirismo que se dedicaba a recoger datos sin introducir los conocimientos mà ¡s allà ¡ del campo de la observacià ³n. Alguno de los cientà ­ficos de esta à ©poca dedicados a temas relacionados con las ciencias de la salud son Pasteur y Claude Bernard, siendo este à ºltimo el que propuso la experimentacià ³n en medicina1. A principios del siglo XX, surge el neopositivismo o positivismo là ³gico siendo una de las aportaciones mà ¡s importantes la induccià ³n probabilà ­stica.

Kantianism Essay

The thought of justifying means rather than ends seems to be more ethical in the long run, even if not more productive. As an officer we have trouble in this way of thinking for two reasons. First, we are in a profession in which our ends are what matters. We must produce the results that are needed, when they are needed, or we have failed to perform our duties. This means we have let down those in charge of us, as well as those whom we lead. Second, our means of doing things are also very important. We as officers must be moral in our decisions, for if we aren’t then we also fail to do our jobs. If we go about achieving a good end through bad means then we are no better than our enemies. Maxims are rules of law that we apply in our decision making to be considered rules of the Universe as a way of deciding if our actions are moral or immoral. One example of a maxim would be â€Å"I can use rob a bank or take money from people for financial gain†. When applying Kant’s rules we test it first to see if it can be generalized. This would end up as â€Å"anyone can use force to get what they want. This would not make sense in the long run because if everyone used force to get what they want then the world would be anarchic and full of chaos. Another example of a maxim would be â€Å"I won’t help this drowning person because they probably won’t pay me. † It almost makes sense to do this as doing something for little gain sometimes seems useless. However; if this were to be applied as a general rule then no one would ever get help unless the Samaritan deemed it profitable to them. Both of these show how decision making in Kantianism is the key factor in deciding what to do. There are both good and bad sides to Kantianism. First, as stated previously, we need to do things based on moral reasoning and not just end results. We can’t be officers who can go to the limit of Utilitarianism and allow for things such as an Omelas society. We do need to consider the good of the whole but we must do things that are moral by reason. We need to rationalize why and how we perform so that we can lead the way we’re supposed to. Kantianism is a good means for this and will allow officers to not only have good ends, but a good means of achieving them.

Environmental Policy Essay

Last month in the New York Times, Kate Galbraith noted that the campaigns of both Barack Obama and John McCain presented widely differing views on climate change and energy policy, particularly with regards to cap and trade schemes, market-based policy instruments intended to maneuver industrial sectors into reducing their greenhouse emissions. Cap and trade schemes have recently been gaining much currency within the discussions of environmental policy as a means to address the negative impacts which industry has upon the greenhouse problem. Such systems work by creating a financial incentive for emission reduction through the imposition of costs on emissions. By establishing a ‘cap’ which limits the total amount of emissions that can be made by a designated group of polluters and leaving them free to trade permits to pollute with one another, it encourages these polluters to meet or fall below the cap in a flexible market-based fashion, rather than forcing them to comply with stringent regulations that could needlessly compromise their business operations. Companies able to cut their emissions can further profit from selling their permits to those companies facing difficulty in reducing their own emissions. The incentive is that all the companies would choose to bring their emissions to cap levels and try to do so in the most cost-effective fashion. It encourages them to innovate the means to reduce emissions. Other governments have already taken action to introduce cap-and-trade schemes of their own: Australia has the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme; the Climate Change Response (Emissions Trading) Amendment Bill was recently enacted in New Zealand; and the European Parliament has its own system known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme. At present, no system similar to these exists in federal law, and representatives for both candidates – Dan Esty for Barack Obama, Douglas Holtz-Eakin for John McCain – maintained that this should be remedied as soon as possible. Where they disagree is how such a system should be structured. According to Esty, Obama favors distribution of emissions permits through auction, as this would force polluting businesses to pay competitively during initial distribution. Speaking for McCain, Holtz-Eakin advocates pre-determined distribution, limiting transactions to the permit trading market itself. The design of a cap and trade system is not a trivial matter. A poor design can wreck the efficacy of a cap and trade system as a policy instrument. If permits are distributed too generously, as Holtz-Eakin proposes, what could result is a situation in which industries have little incentive to expunge their business operations of greenhouse emissions, as they would effectively be operating in a trading market where permits are near worthless. Also, cap and trade systems cannot stand alone as an emission-reducing policy instrument, as there is a potential for traders to ‘game’ the market by deliberately holding out on purchasing permits until the last minute so as to reduce their value, making unreduced emissions affordable to even the worst emitter. Furthermore, cap and trade systems lack transparency and present opportunities for fraud. Worse still is that a poorly designed cap and trade system will not account for the geography of polluters, resulting in a NIMBY effect where pollution becomes localized to create ‘emissions ghettos. ’ As such, it should be recommended that any cap and trade system be designed to account for environmental justice, be subject to transparency, and should distribute permits at a market price, perhaps even stabilize such a price at a level high enough to incentivize the development of techniques and technologies to reduce emissions. Furthermore, a cap and trade system must be complemented by other policy instruments such as pollution zoning and carbon taxes. Works Cited Galbraith, Kate. â€Å"Candidates’ Advisers Spar Over Cap-and-Trade. † New York Times. 23 September 2008. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://greeninc. blogs. nytimes. com/2008/09/23/candidates-advisers-spar-over-cap-and-trade/? scp=3&sq=cap%20trade&st=cse Parker, David. â€Å"Historic climate change legislation passes. † New Zealand Government. 10 September 2008. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://www. beehive. govt. nz/release/historic+climate+change+legislation+passes Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme 2008, Introduction to the greenhouse gas reduction scheme, Greenhouse Gas Reduction Scheme. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://greenhousegas. nsw. gov. au/documents/Intro-GGAS. pdf Pearce, Fred. â€Å"European trading in carbon-emission permits begins. ’† New Scientist. 6 January 2005. Retrieved online November 9, 2008 from: http://environment. newscientist. com/channel/earth/dn6846-european-trading-in-carbonemission-permits-begins. html

Global Inequality Caused by Consumption

Core issue: consumption causes global inequality. Global inequality is the inequality in distribution of income and wealth between rich and poor countries. A concentration of wealth is in the hands of very small number of people. A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at United Nations University reports that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000, and that the richest 10% of adults accounted for 85% of the world total. The bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth.According to the wealth concentration theory, those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society. This correlation between being rich and earning more is also contributed by plutocracy: t he ability of the rich to influence government disproportionately to their favor thereby increasing their wealth. This unjust global trade regime as a primary cause in increasing global inequality ————– Wealth and poverty make life different in a host of ways. health, education, literacy, child labour, employment, gender, political participation, higher level in countries with higher income Compare their economic productivity–>classify countries.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) & Gross National Income (GNI) The World Bank uses GNI per person to classify countries. Low income (P559) For example, workforces in China, much of which is well trained and educated and now receive extremely low wages-sometimes less than one-twentieth of hat workers earn in comparable jobs in the developed countries. These institutionalised inequalities result in greater marginalisation within society. The report emphasises the inevitable social disintegration, vi olence and national and international terrorism that this inequality fosters. Ironically, the diversion of social development funds to national/international security and military operations produces further deprivation and marginalization, thus creating a vicious cycle.

Learning Theories and Instructional Design Essay

This article discusses the principles of adult learning theory. More specifically, Kimbarow relates adult learning theory to effective methodologies that can be employed in treating patients with aphasia. For Kimbarow, the major principles of adult learning theory are the ability to recognize that adults are self-directed individuals and that it is essential for instruction to be prepared such that it is culturally and socially sensitive in meeting the needs of the learner. Kimbarow also discusses the life participation approach, or LPAA. The life participation approach emphasizes the role of the patients’ overall quality of life in the care that the patient receives. This complements the adult learning theory as it further emphasizes the impact that patient involvement has in the treatment and planning of activity programs. The study offered these recommendations: A patient will have a better quality of life if the patient plays an active role in the planning of their course of treatment and if the instruction meets their cultural and social needs. By recognizing and planning instruction in this manner, the instructor will be successful in preparing activities that meet the needs of the adult patient. Review: This is an interesting and current article for those who want to explore the premise of adult learning theory. However, the article is limiting in its discussion of adult learning theory as it relates only to aphasia patients. The article would be more effective if it contained further discussion into the effectiveness of adult learning theory to patients or students with other conditions or in other learning environments. Lee, D. , Belifore, P. , Budin, S. (2008). Riding the Wave. Teaching Exceptional Children, 40(3), 65-70. Summary: In their article, Lee, Belifore and Budin discuss the importance of differentiating instruction to meet the needs of all students in the classroom begins with the planning process. The authors’ recognized that different teachers plan and deliver lesson plans in different ways. However, they recognize that the types of lesson plans utilized and implemented by classroom teachers can impact the way that the information in the lesson is disseminated to the students. The study offered these recommendations: According to the authors’, reducing student punishment should result in an increase in student accountability and responsibility. â€Å"High probability request sequences are positive interventions improve student compliance through increased student workload and the removal of negative consequences: (Lee, Belifore and Budin, 2008). It also creates an environment of problem solving, whereas students are accountable for their work no matter what. In doing this, the punishment for not turning in work does not result in a failed grade. Review: The article is an important tool for those individuals seeking an interesting perspective in the need for differentiating instruction. At the same time, the article offers an innovative perspective on the role of consequences in the education system. The recommendations made by the authors’ are best suited for the traditional classroom setting. Felder, R. M. , & Brent, R. (2005). Understanding student differences. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 57-72 Summary: In their article, Felder and Brent discuss the different learning styles that must be taken into consideration in the development of course curriculum and evaluation methods. As the authors’ describe, these various methods are used to assess student understanding of subject material. Felder and Brent point out that students in the classroom setting tend to be very diverse in culture and have different levels of motivation to learn. The study offered these recommendations: Because students have different attitudes towards their instructor as well as other students, instruction must be designed to respond to the different â€Å"attitudes about teaching and learning, and different response to specific classroom environments and instructional practices† (Felder & Brent, 2005). Due to this, the instructor should understand learning differences to facilitate, structure, and validate successful learning. Review: The study offers an important perspective as to the diverse needs of individuals in the classroom setting. The study would be more effective if it made specific recommendations as to instructional design modifications that can be used to reach out to students in the learning environment. The article encourages further reading and investigation into the subject that can only better the instructor in planning instructor to meet the needs of students.

Investment Apprisl Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investment Apprisl Techniques - Essay Example I will prticulrly provide literture review of few contemporry theoreticl pproches to the issue. Recent reserch (Steier & Greenwood, 2005) hs shown tht the due diligence process is n itertive one, where the first step is to ssess whether proposl meets the investment criteri of the venture fund (e.g., with respect to the investment stge, sector, or mgnitude of the investment proposl) nd whether the proposl is vible t first sight. forml vlution of compny will only be performed when the proposl psses this initil test. Other economic gents hve to vlue compnies in other settings; e.g., investment bnkers hve to determine the introduction price of new compny on stock mrket or they hve to pprise tke-over cndidte. Finncil nlysts hve to ssess whether the stock mrket vlue of compny is significntly higher or lower thn its 'true' economic vlue, in order to decide when to sell or buy stocks. The venture cpitlist's vlution process, however, is likely to differ from the ones used for these purposes, becuse of the very different nture of the compnies they hve to vlue. Investment proposls, recei ved by venture cpitl funds, re often very risky, due to the erly stge of development of the compny, the lck of trck record of the compny, or the degree of innovtion of products or mrkets. Moreover, the compnies re not quoted on stock mrket, so publicly vilble informtion is limited. The present study sheds light on this neglected re through n exmintion of how Europen venture cpitlists proceed in this difficult tsk. The vlution of investment proposls is importnt for venture cpitlists becuse the vlue of the compny determines the proportion of shres they receive in return for their investment nd thus their ultimte return. It is importnt for entrepreneurs, too, becuse vlution tht is too low will led to n excessive dilution of their shre in the compny. Moreover, when entrepreneurs know how venture cpitlists vlue investment proposls, they re better prepred to dpt their business pln to the needs of investors. They will be ble to produce the required informtion nd to understnd the wy venture cpitlists use the informtion. The vlution process consists of three sequentil steps. First, informtion is gthered on the venture, its mngement tem, nd its future prospects. Second, this informtion is used to pprise the risk of the venture nd hence the required return on the investment, nd to estimte the (future) csh flows nd profit potentil. Finlly, one or more vlution method is used, which combines the elements of risk, return, nd profits or csh flows in order to compute the vlue of the compny. Becuse non-public compnies hve few legl informtion requirements, the gthering of informtion is more difficult thn with public compnies. Due to dverse selection nd informtion symmetry problems, this is nonetheless one of the most crucil phses in coming to decision. One of the most importnt sources of informtion is the business pln, which projects the future of the compny, together with historic ccounting dt (especilly the blnce sheet nd profit nd loss sttement), nd future ccounting dt (especilly csh flow forecsts). mit et l. (2003) point to the fct tht the mngeril trck record of the entrepreneur nd his or her fmilirity with the product nd the sector my provide some hints s to the future success of the venture. However, venture cpitlists fce importnt informtion symmetries with respect to compny-specific dt, since the entrepreneurs my disclose only wht they deem necessry in