The Debilitating Effect of Hierarchical Structures on Those With and Essay

The Debilitating Effect of Hierarchical Structures on Those With and Without Power Then and Now - Essay Example In various forms, hierarchy gives rise to leaders or a handful of principal individuals in a group, which naturally occurs from interactions. Magee and Galinsky (3) discuss the definition and behavior of a hierarchical structure: Resources are unequally distributed across individuals and groups, and positions and roles are granted different amounts of sources of power, which are conferred upon the individuals who occupy them. Like both human and non-human primate societies more generally, most, if not all, organizations have a stratified structure, a pyramid shape with fewer people at the top than at the bottom. Even when one considers the heterogeneity of organizational forms and organizational practices and cultures that are intended to dodge or suppress hierarchy, what is most noticeable is that hierarchy relentlessly rises up against these pressures. Most importantly, hierarchy is a naturally-forming phenomenon that is always present in various forms across all societies in the w orld. It inescapably develops between and within groups even when some organizations reduce the effect of its structure by adopting alternative models of shaping an organization (Leavitt 42). Social hierarchy in organizations is defined as â€Å"an implicit or explicit rank order of individuals or groups with respect to a valued social dimension† (Magee and Galinsky 5). ... 930). Hierarchies create power and control to individuals of the higher rank that hold greater ability, skills and motivation to complete certain tasks within a group. In formal hierarchy, the differentiated structure is constant but passive since changing the assembly of ranks is difficult and borderline unreasonable. On the other hand, the organizational structure in informal hierarchy is weak and conditional because the hierarchical differentiation is only done on short interaction based on stereotype-based expectations (Magee and Galinsky 7). Over the years, hierarchical structures faded and developed a debilitating effect to those members of groups and organizations that possess power and to those who lack one. This gradual weakening of hierarchy will be discussed by exploring the literary pieces, â€Å"The Use of Force† by William Carlos William, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke. William Car los William’s famous short story, â€Å"The Use of Force† presents the application of physical superiority of a person with power to others who have none. In the story, a doctor is shown to diagnose a sick child whom they suspect of having the deadly disease diphtheria. The doctor needed to get a throat culture in the mouth of the child in order to examine the cause of the illness correctly, however the stubbornness of the child and the passive authority of the parents made the process harder to execute. The doctor appeared to be compassionate at first, addressing an open mind to the expressed fear of the child in being examined, and at the reluctance of the parents to accommodate a stranger like him into their home. But as the child becomes more

David Contracts Written Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Contracts Written Project - Essay Example In this similar concern, it can be affirmed that both the parties can be benefited from making a contract. It has to be enforceable by law. Though contracts can be of verbal or written type, preference must always given to the written contracts as they are quite uncomplicated to confirm in front of law (Dervort 107-108). DISCUSSION OF CONTRACT ELEMENTS Contracts are a kind of legally binding agreement by both the parties to a contract. Parties to a contract must know and understand that the agreement is enforceable by law. Contracts which are unlawful are void and not enforceable in the court. One of the important pre-conditions of the development of a contract is its legality (Cheeseman 1-250). Offer is principally viewed to be an expression of readiness which especially makes by an offeror with the intention of getting the offer duly accepted by an offeree. It is worth mentioning that offer is often viewed to be one of the initial as well as one of the influential elements of a con tract. Offer is duly considered to be an important contract element as it is viewed to be the initial step in entering into a particular contract (Dervort 107-108). It can be viewed that when an offeree agrees upon the offer which provides by an offeror, then it certainly becomes an acceptance. With the completion of acceptance process, both the parties come under a specific contract. Without the acceptance, contracts can never be formed. It is to be stated that an acceptance can be in both forms i.e. written or oral. Consideration is typically considered to be an act of a contract process. With the significant concern of consideration, individuals making a contract promise to perform or abstain from performing certain act. It has been apparently observed that consideration comprises either harm to the promisee or a benefit on behalf of the promisor. In the contract agreement, consideration plays an important role for the promises made by both the parties. Specially mentioning, it h as to be enforceable by lawful regulations (Dervort 107-108). There are many countries, which set a standard age for the age of majority. For most of the nations, it is 18. Any age below the age of 18 is called age of minority. There is an Infancy Doctrine made for the minorities. This doctrine states that minors need to be protected from the unscrupulous behavior of the adults. Minors can also rescind the contract as per as this doctrine is concerned. In the matter of writing, a contract needs to be formal and properly signed, expressed and with implied reference (Cheeseman 1-250). Contracts have to be legal and thus they must be presented and proved at the court. Contracts are generally viewed to be ‘meeting of the minds’ as two or more individuals can enter into a particular contract. In terms of legality, contracts need to be presented to another party without using fraud, threatening or other illegal activities. In order to determine the contract element i.e. legal ity, it is to be stated that the prime intention of a particular contract must be for a lawful purpose. The general law of contracts and many state statutes protect individuals who lack contractual capacity from having contracts forced especially on them. The requirement of parties accent needs to be real and genuine (Dervort 107-108). On the other hand, the contract element concerning meeting of the mind